martes, 25 de enero de 2011
martes, 18 de enero de 2011
GRAMMAR -CONDITIONALS
http://www.ni78.com/yL1shgss2eBot/advanced-english-grammar-esl-lesson-conditionals/
http://a2cristina.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/conditionals-explanation.doc
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/teachingenglish/grammar_vocabulary/grammar_challenge/
http://www.telefonica.net/web2/angelaruizmontero/documentos/bach_1/unit_6/conditional_sentences_1.pdf http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/teachingenglish/grammar_vocabulary/grammar_challenge/
CONDITIONALS
GRAMMATICAL EXPLANATION
There are three kinds of conditional sentences. With each type certain variations are possible.
Type 1 Probable or Real Conditionals (to talk about the present, the future or unchanging relationships). We use the first conditional either to describe possible future events or situations and their results or to talk about events or situations that can occur at any time, and often occur more than once, and their results.
If + Present, will e.g. If he runs, he’ll get there in time.
, may / might e.g. If the fog gets thicker, the plane may / might be diverted.
If the regime can keep the loyalty of the army, they may retain power.
, must / should e.g. If you want to lose weight, you must / should eat less bread.
, present e.g. if you heat ice, it turns to water.
If I eat dairy products, I get red spots on my skin.
, going to e.g. If the results of the survey are favourable, they are going to introduce a new range of products.
If + Pres. Cont., will, etc... e.g. If you are looking for Peter, you’ll find him upstairs.
If + Present Perfect, ... e.g. If you have finished dinner, I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.
Special uses / Omission of IF
If + should, ... (possible, but not likely)
If you should have any difficulty in getting spare parts, ring this number.
In this case, SHOULD can be placed first and IF omitted.
Should you have any difficulty...
Type 2 Improbable or Unreal Conditionals (to talk about the present or future). It can describe an improbable future event or situation. The condition is unlikely to be fulfilled because the future event is unlikely to happen. It can also describe a hypothetical current situation or event, i.e. one which is contrary to known facts. It is therefore impossible to fulfil the condition.
If + Past , would e.g. If I had a map, I would lend it to you.
, might /could e.g. If you tried again, you might / could succeed.
If + Subjunctive, would e.g. If I were you, I wouldn’t do it. (was is also possible)
If + Past cont., would... e.g. We’re going by air and I hate flying. If we were going by boat, I’d feel much happier.
If + Past Perfect (Mixed C.) e.g. If he had taken my advice, he would be a rich man now.
Special uses / Omission of IF
If + were to + infinitive, would (formal, used to talk about imaginary future
situation)
e.g. It would be embarrassing if she were to find out the truth.
In this case inversion is possible:
It would be embarrassing, were she to find out the truth.
Type 3 Unreal in the past (To talk about something that might have happened in the past, but didn’t). It describes a hypothetical situation or event in the past. The past situation or event is contrary to known facts, i.e. it is an unreal or impossible situation.
If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle
could have + p.p.
should have + p.p.
might have + p.p.
e.g. If I had known you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.
If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.
Luckily I was wearing a seat belt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I might have been injured.
Special uses / Omission of IF
Had can be placed first and the if omitted.
e.g. If you had obeyed his orders this disaster would not have happened Þ Had you obeyed his orders this disaster would not have happened.
EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
1. If I see him, I _______________ (give) him a lift.
2. If I had a typewriter, I _______________ (type) it myself.
3. If you read in bad light you _______________ (ruin) your eyes.
4. More tourists _______________ (come) to this country if it had a better climate.
5. If she _______________ (do) her hair differently she might look quite nice.
6. If you _______________ (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat.
7. Ice _______________ (turn) to water if you heat it.
8. I could tell you what this means if I _______________ (know) Greek.
9. If he had asked you, _______________ (you / accept)?
10. If you _______________ (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.
Alternatives to IF.
a. UNLESS.
We often use unless to express a negative condition. It is similar to IF… NOT or Only IF.
e.g. Unless you’ve got a doctor’s note to say you’ve passed the medical, they won’t allow you to go on the activity holiday.
b. PROVIDED / PROVIDING / SO LONG AS / AS LONG AS / ON (THE) CONDITION (THAT).
We use these conjunctions to emphasise that the condition is necessary to the result. They all mean ONLY IF.
e.g. We’ll have the party here, so long as you also arrange the catering.
Expenses will be reimbursed on the condition that all receipts are submitted.
c. SUPPOSE / SUPPOSING (THAT) / WHAT IF / IN CASE.
We use these conjunctions to talk about imaginary conditions.
e.g. Suppose he asked you to go to the cinema with him, would you go?
What if the money doesn’t arrive on time?
She gave me the key to get in the house in case you were out.
No pain, no gain?
It's January 1st. You're on the bathroom scales, groaning. If you (1) ______________(not / eat) that last piece of Christmas pud, perhaps you wouldn't have put on that extra kilo. Never mind, you can lose it and get fit at the gym!
Or is that the right thing to do? If you're unfit, you (2) _______________(stand) a huge chance of injuring yourself in the gym or on the squash court. You must take care before launching yourself into a vigorous exercise routine: if you don't treat your body with respect, it (3) _______________(not/function) as you want it to. The knee, in particular, can cause untold problems. We (4) _______________(not/have) problems with our knees if we still (5) _______________(walk) on all fours, but they're not up to a vertical pounding on the treadmill for an hour a day. All of our joints can cause problems; if you (6) _______________(want) to play football safely, make sure you wear the right boots to protect your ankles. Decent coaching (7) _______________(be) essential if you're going to take up a racket sport: something as simple as a wrong‑size grip can cause tennis elbow.
Many sports injuries are caused by insufficient warm‑ups. If everyone spent a few minutes stretching their muscles before exercising, they (8) _______________ (experience) much less pain during exercise itself. But people can be stubborn about pain when exercising. The phrase `no pain, no gain' is rubbish. Should you feel pain when you're exercising, you(9) ______________(stop) at once!
Sport has so many other hazards, though. Golf, you would think, is relatively harmless. Not so for Anthony Phua, a Malaysian golfer who was killed by getting in the way of his partner's swing. Now, if he hadn't taken up that particular form of exercise in the first place, it (10) __________________(not / happen).
What can you do if you (11) ________________ (not/want) to risk sport, but you still want to lose weight? Well, it's not all bad news for couch potatoes. If you're happy to lose calories steadily but slowly, just (12) _______________ (stay) at home: sleeping burns 60 calories an hour, ironing 132 and cooking 190.
Just don't eat what you cook!
http://a2cristina.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/conditionals-explanation.doc
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/teachingenglish/grammar_vocabulary/grammar_challenge/
http://www.telefonica.net/web2/angelaruizmontero/documentos/bach_1/unit_6/conditional_sentences_1.pdf http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/teachingenglish/grammar_vocabulary/grammar_challenge/
CONDITIONALS
GRAMMATICAL EXPLANATION
There are three kinds of conditional sentences. With each type certain variations are possible.
Type 1 Probable or Real Conditionals (to talk about the present, the future or unchanging relationships). We use the first conditional either to describe possible future events or situations and their results or to talk about events or situations that can occur at any time, and often occur more than once, and their results.
If + Present, will e.g. If he runs, he’ll get there in time.
, may / might e.g. If the fog gets thicker, the plane may / might be diverted.
If the regime can keep the loyalty of the army, they may retain power.
, must / should e.g. If you want to lose weight, you must / should eat less bread.
, present e.g. if you heat ice, it turns to water.
If I eat dairy products, I get red spots on my skin.
, going to e.g. If the results of the survey are favourable, they are going to introduce a new range of products.
If + Pres. Cont., will, etc... e.g. If you are looking for Peter, you’ll find him upstairs.
If + Present Perfect, ... e.g. If you have finished dinner, I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.
Special uses / Omission of IF
If + should, ... (possible, but not likely)
If you should have any difficulty in getting spare parts, ring this number.
In this case, SHOULD can be placed first and IF omitted.
Should you have any difficulty...
Type 2 Improbable or Unreal Conditionals (to talk about the present or future). It can describe an improbable future event or situation. The condition is unlikely to be fulfilled because the future event is unlikely to happen. It can also describe a hypothetical current situation or event, i.e. one which is contrary to known facts. It is therefore impossible to fulfil the condition.
If + Past , would e.g. If I had a map, I would lend it to you.
, might /could e.g. If you tried again, you might / could succeed.
If + Subjunctive, would e.g. If I were you, I wouldn’t do it. (was is also possible)
If + Past cont., would... e.g. We’re going by air and I hate flying. If we were going by boat, I’d feel much happier.
If + Past Perfect (Mixed C.) e.g. If he had taken my advice, he would be a rich man now.
Special uses / Omission of IF
If + were to + infinitive, would (formal, used to talk about imaginary future
situation)
e.g. It would be embarrassing if she were to find out the truth.
In this case inversion is possible:
It would be embarrassing, were she to find out the truth.
Type 3 Unreal in the past (To talk about something that might have happened in the past, but didn’t). It describes a hypothetical situation or event in the past. The past situation or event is contrary to known facts, i.e. it is an unreal or impossible situation.
If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle
could have + p.p.
should have + p.p.
might have + p.p.
e.g. If I had known you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.
If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.
Luckily I was wearing a seat belt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I might have been injured.
Special uses / Omission of IF
Had can be placed first and the if omitted.
e.g. If you had obeyed his orders this disaster would not have happened Þ Had you obeyed his orders this disaster would not have happened.
EXERCISE
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses.
1. If I see him, I _______________ (give) him a lift.
2. If I had a typewriter, I _______________ (type) it myself.
3. If you read in bad light you _______________ (ruin) your eyes.
4. More tourists _______________ (come) to this country if it had a better climate.
5. If she _______________ (do) her hair differently she might look quite nice.
6. If you _______________ (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat.
7. Ice _______________ (turn) to water if you heat it.
8. I could tell you what this means if I _______________ (know) Greek.
9. If he had asked you, _______________ (you / accept)?
10. If you _______________ (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.
Alternatives to IF.
a. UNLESS.
We often use unless to express a negative condition. It is similar to IF… NOT or Only IF.
e.g. Unless you’ve got a doctor’s note to say you’ve passed the medical, they won’t allow you to go on the activity holiday.
b. PROVIDED / PROVIDING / SO LONG AS / AS LONG AS / ON (THE) CONDITION (THAT).
We use these conjunctions to emphasise that the condition is necessary to the result. They all mean ONLY IF.
e.g. We’ll have the party here, so long as you also arrange the catering.
Expenses will be reimbursed on the condition that all receipts are submitted.
c. SUPPOSE / SUPPOSING (THAT) / WHAT IF / IN CASE.
We use these conjunctions to talk about imaginary conditions.
e.g. Suppose he asked you to go to the cinema with him, would you go?
What if the money doesn’t arrive on time?
She gave me the key to get in the house in case you were out.
No pain, no gain?
It's January 1st. You're on the bathroom scales, groaning. If you (1) ______________(not / eat) that last piece of Christmas pud, perhaps you wouldn't have put on that extra kilo. Never mind, you can lose it and get fit at the gym!
Or is that the right thing to do? If you're unfit, you (2) _______________(stand) a huge chance of injuring yourself in the gym or on the squash court. You must take care before launching yourself into a vigorous exercise routine: if you don't treat your body with respect, it (3) _______________(not/function) as you want it to. The knee, in particular, can cause untold problems. We (4) _______________(not/have) problems with our knees if we still (5) _______________(walk) on all fours, but they're not up to a vertical pounding on the treadmill for an hour a day. All of our joints can cause problems; if you (6) _______________(want) to play football safely, make sure you wear the right boots to protect your ankles. Decent coaching (7) _______________(be) essential if you're going to take up a racket sport: something as simple as a wrong‑size grip can cause tennis elbow.
Many sports injuries are caused by insufficient warm‑ups. If everyone spent a few minutes stretching their muscles before exercising, they (8) _______________ (experience) much less pain during exercise itself. But people can be stubborn about pain when exercising. The phrase `no pain, no gain' is rubbish. Should you feel pain when you're exercising, you(9) ______________(stop) at once!
Sport has so many other hazards, though. Golf, you would think, is relatively harmless. Not so for Anthony Phua, a Malaysian golfer who was killed by getting in the way of his partner's swing. Now, if he hadn't taken up that particular form of exercise in the first place, it (10) __________________(not / happen).
What can you do if you (11) ________________ (not/want) to risk sport, but you still want to lose weight? Well, it's not all bad news for couch potatoes. If you're happy to lose calories steadily but slowly, just (12) _______________ (stay) at home: sleeping burns 60 calories an hour, ironing 132 and cooking 190.
Just don't eat what you cook!
viernes, 14 de enero de 2011
MATILDA´S STUFF
The Reader of Books; Mr. Wormwood, The Great Car Dealer; The Hat and The Superglue; The Ghost
1. How would you describe four-year-old Matilda?
2. How are Mr. and Mrs. Wormwood different from most parents of unusually bright children?
3. What trick does Matilda play on her parents after Mr. Wormwood rips up her library book?
Arithmetic; The Platinum-Blond Man; Miss Honey; The Trunchbull
1. What was "Matilda's magic medicine," and how did it affect her father?
2. Why are the children in Miss Honey's class so fond of her
3. What suggestion does Miss Honey make to the headmistress about Matilda? How does Miss Trunchbull react?
The Parents; Throwing the Hammer; Bruce Bogtrotter and the Cake; Lavender
1. Why does Miss Honey risk acting against Miss Trunchbull's wishes by going to Matilda's house?
2. Why is Matilda well liked by her classmates?
3. Why does Miss Trunchbull decide to punish Amanda Tripp? What does she do to her?
The Weekly Test; The First Miracle; The Second Miracle; Miss Honey's Cottage
1. What is ridiculous about Miss Trunchbull's idea for an ideal school?
2. Why do you think Miss Trunchbull accuses Matilda of putting the newt in her water glass?
3. What is the "first miracle"? How does Matilda do it?
Miss Honey's Story; The Names; The Practice
1. Why does Miss Honey live in a tiny cottage without any furniture or conveniences?
2. What does Matilda practice doing for a whole week? How does she improve her skill?
The Third Miracle; A New Home
1. Summarize the message on the chalkboard that Matilda writes using her magical eye power.
2. How does Miss Honey get a new home?
3. Why does Matilda eventually go to live with Miss Honey?
1. How would you describe four-year-old Matilda?
2. How are Mr. and Mrs. Wormwood different from most parents of unusually bright children?
3. What trick does Matilda play on her parents after Mr. Wormwood rips up her library book?
Arithmetic; The Platinum-Blond Man; Miss Honey; The Trunchbull
1. What was "Matilda's magic medicine," and how did it affect her father?
2. Why are the children in Miss Honey's class so fond of her
3. What suggestion does Miss Honey make to the headmistress about Matilda? How does Miss Trunchbull react?
The Parents; Throwing the Hammer; Bruce Bogtrotter and the Cake; Lavender
1. Why does Miss Honey risk acting against Miss Trunchbull's wishes by going to Matilda's house?
2. Why is Matilda well liked by her classmates?
3. Why does Miss Trunchbull decide to punish Amanda Tripp? What does she do to her?
The Weekly Test; The First Miracle; The Second Miracle; Miss Honey's Cottage
1. What is ridiculous about Miss Trunchbull's idea for an ideal school?
2. Why do you think Miss Trunchbull accuses Matilda of putting the newt in her water glass?
3. What is the "first miracle"? How does Matilda do it?
Miss Honey's Story; The Names; The Practice
1. Why does Miss Honey live in a tiny cottage without any furniture or conveniences?
2. What does Matilda practice doing for a whole week? How does she improve her skill?
The Third Miracle; A New Home
1. Summarize the message on the chalkboard that Matilda writes using her magical eye power.
2. How does Miss Honey get a new home?
3. Why does Matilda eventually go to live with Miss Honey?
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